VEA → [2]
This chapter contains information on establishing whether an injury or disease, suffered by a veteran [3], Member of the Forces [3] or Member of a Peacekeeping Force [3] has been causally connected to their service.
Causal Connection of Injury or Disease with Service
Section 8 VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9 VEA - War-caused injury or disease - veterans
Section 70 [6] VEA Eligibility for pension for Members of Defence Force or Peacekeeping Force
For the purposes of Part VI of the VEA [8], a reference to a veteran is taken to be a reference to:
For the purposes of Part VII of the VEA [8], according to subsection 5C(1), veteran means a person (including a deceased person):
A member of the forces is a person who served in the defence force for a continuous period that commenced after 7 December 1972 and has the type of service required in sections 69, 69A and 69B of the VEA.
“Member of a Peacekeeping Force means a person who is serving, or has served, with a Peacekeeping Force outside Australia as an Australian member, or as a member of the Australian contingent, of that Peacekeeping Force."
For a claim in respect of a death, disease [3] or injury [3] to be accepted, the death, disease or injury needs to be causally related to the veteran's or member's VEA [3] service. Service does not have to be the only cause however, provided that the person's service contributed to a material degree.
More ? [10]
A pre-existing injury or disease may be accepted as defence-caused on the grounds that defence service or peacekeeping service [3] materially contributed to, or aggravated the disease or injury. The injury or disease must be made worse permanently not just temporarily. It is likely that eligible service has aggravated the condition if:
The VEA provides for compensation for injury, disease or death if it is linked to the veteran or member's service. These provisions also cover, in certain situations, injury, disease or death that occurs due to:
The Commonwealth is not liable in respect of the death, injury [3] or disease [3] where it:
Injuries occurring during domestic activities or live-in accommodation
Section 4.4.6 [26]
According to subsection 5D(1), disease means:
but does not include:
the normal physiological state, or
the accepted ranges of physiological or biochemical measures,
that results from normal physiological stress (for example, the effect of exercise on blood pressure) or the temporary effect of extraneous agents (for example, alcohol on blood cholesterol levels).
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
Veterans' Entitlements Act 1986.
According to subsection 68(1) of the VEA, peacekeeping service means service with a Peacekeeping Force outside Australia and includes:
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
According to subsection 5D(1), disease means:
but does not include:
the normal physiological state, or
the accepted ranges of physiological or biochemical measures,
that results from normal physiological stress (for example, the effect of exercise on blood pressure) or the temporary effect of extraneous agents (for example, alcohol on blood cholesterol levels).
For a claim in respect of a death, disease [3] or injury [3] to be accepted, the death, disease or injury needs to be causally related to the veteran's or member's VEA service. Service does not have to be the only cause however, provided that the person's service was a material contribution to the injury, disease or death. Where an injury is involved, there will normally be only one cause. Where a disease is involved, there may be a number of causes.
More → [35]
A veteran lodges a claim in respect of a heart condition. The risk factors in the veteran's case are the veteran's cigarette smoking which was initiated by the conditions of their war service, their age, their family history, and their high cholesterol levels. Only the cigarette smoking can be related to the veteran's service but that is enough to have the claim accepted.
Members of the Defence Force are bound to render continuous full time military service [3] under the provisions of the Defence Act. They are thus on duty or on call twenty-four hours of a day, seven days a week, and are often required to live on the job in Service barracks or in camp. This does not mean however that all their activities are related to their defence service. It also does not mean that only injuries occurring while the person is 'on duty' can be accepted.
More → [36]
Veterans who have rendered operational service [3] and members who have rendered peacekeeping service [3] can have a claim accepted if the condition claimed resulted from an occurrence [3] that happened while the veteran was rendering operational service or while the member was rendering peacekeeping service. The following table outlines what cases injuries, diseases or death will be accepted as service-caused, according to the type of service rendered.
More → [37]
If the veteran served... |
then... |
and they will be covered for... |
during World War 1 and World War 2, |
all of their service is considered to be operational service unless there was a break between their operational service and any other service. |
injuries, diseases or death resulting from an occurrence even if it occurred during a period of leave, e.g., if they were knocked over by a bus in the streets of Sydney. |
in later conflicts |
only the period in which they were outside Australia is operational service.
|
events that occurred on the ship taking them to or from operational service provided it occurred after they had left the last port of call in Australia or before reaching the first point of call in Australia. |
VEA → [38]
A death, injury or disease may be accepted as service-caused if it was due to an accident that would not have occurred or a disease that would not have been contracted, but for:
The 'but for' provision extends the circumstances under which a causal connection to service can be established. For example:
The meaning of ‘material contribution’ was given by the Federal Court in Repatriation Commission v Richard Edward Bendy [1989] FCA 170:
In each case, the reference to materiality serves to make it clear that the contribution required is a contribution of a causal nature, that a contribution which is de minimis, which did not influence the course of events or which is so tenuous as to be immaterial is to be ignored. The term "material" is here used not in the loose sense set out in definition 12 of the Macquarie dictionary, namely, "of substantial import or much consequence" but rather in its legal sense of "pertinent" or "likely to influence".
Thus for an incident or exposure to make a material contribution to an injury or disease (including an injury or disease from which a person died), it must have been a contributing cause in a more than trivial sense. However, the causal contribution does not need to be of a substantial or significant nature.
The application the material contribution test to the SoP framework was clarified by the Federal Court in Kattenberg v Repatriation Commission [2002] FCA 412 (‘Kattenberg’). The material contribution test is relevant to SoPs where there is a factor specifying a minimum accumulation of consumption or exposure over time.
The Kattenberg decision turned on the words 'related to' contained within the SoP framework and requiring that a SoP factor be 'related to' service. If the minimum accumulation of consumption or exposure has been contributed to in a material degree by service then the injury, disease or death is considered to be 'related to' service.
For a claim relating to this type of SoP factor to succeed, it is necessary in the first instance for the minimum accumulation specified in a factor to be met (i.e. both service-caused and non-service-caused consumption or exposure).
Where service-caused consumption (e.g. smoking at least 15 pack years of cigarettes) or exposure (e.g. manually lifting at least 35 kilograms to a cumulative total of 168,000 kilograms within any 10 year period) meets the minimum accumulation by itself, the claim will succeed and there is no need to apply the material contribution test.
However, the Kattenberg decision clarified that it is not necessary for the entire consumption or exposure to be caused by service, rather the service-caused consumption or exposure only needs to make a material contribution.
If the service-caused consumption or exposure can be shown to be more than a trivial contribution to the entire accumulation, then it is a material contribution. Where the entire accumulation (both service caused and non-service caused) meets the minimum specified in the SoP and the service-caused consumption or exposure materially contributes to the injury, disease or death, then claim will succeed.
The threshold for what proportion of the SoP-specified minimum accumulation the service-caused consumption or exposure is required to be considered a material contribution will depend on a variety of factors relating to the relevant SoP and the specific case. Thus it is not possible to develop a formula that a contribution of X per cent or more is material in all cases.
Section 8(1) (d) [43] VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9(2) [44] VEA - War-caused injury or disease - veterans
Section 70(6) [45] VEA Death of a member
Section 70(7) [46] VEA Incapacity of a member
According to subsection 5D(1), disease means:
but does not include:
the normal physiological state, or
the accepted ranges of physiological or biochemical measures,
that results from normal physiological stress (for example, the effect of exercise on blood pressure) or the temporary effect of extraneous agents (for example, alcohol on blood cholesterol levels).
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
Continuous full-time service in relation to a member of the Defence Force means that a person must have served on a continuous full-time basis, as opposed to a part-time basis.
A period of continuous full-time service is required by a member of the Defence Force if they are to be considered as having eligible war service, operational service or defence service and access to the benefits associated with those forms of service.
Operational service is generally service performed:
Refer to section 6 of the VEA through to 6F of the VEA for a full explanation of operational service.
According to subsection 68(1) of the VEA, peacekeeping service means service with a Peacekeeping Force outside Australia and includes:
An occurrence is an event. It needs to happen or to take place. (The decision of the Federal Court of Australia in the case of Law 24 March 1980 refers.)
According to subsection 120(7) of the VEA [8], Hazardous service is service in the Defence Force of a kind determined by the Minister for Defence to be hazardous service.
Hazardous service includes activity that exposes individuals or units to risks above the normal peacetime and training duties such as bomb and mine clearance, aid to civil power or protected evacuations.
VEA ? [49]
VEA ? [50]
A pre-existing injury [3] or disease [3] may be accepted as defence-caused on the grounds that defence service or peacekeeping service [3] materially contributed to, or aggravated the disease or injury.
For a disease or injury to be accepted as having been aggravated, the condition needs to have been made permanently worse not just become worse temporarily. Some injuries and diseases have recurrent episodes. The fact that one of these episodes occurs during a period of eligible service does not necessarily mean that the condition is worse than it otherwise would have been. It is likely that eligible service has aggravated the condition if the person:
VEA ? [51]
A member needs to have had at least six months defence service for an injury or disease to be accepted as defence-caused on the grounds of material contribution or aggravation by defence service or peacekeeping service [3]. However, if the member has rendered hazardous service [3], the six months minimum period of defence service or peacekeeping service [3] does not apply.
More ? [52]
VEA ? [53]
For veterans who did not render operational service [3], the eligible war service [3] which contributed to the injury or disease or which aggravated the injury or the disease needs to have been for a period of six months or longer. If a veteran has rendered operational service, the six months minimum period of eligible war service does not apply.
More ? [54]
Section 8(1) (e) [55] VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9(1) (e) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases - veterans
Section 70(5) (d) [55] VEA Member of Peacekeeping Force
Section 70(5A) (d) [55] VEA Member of the Forces
Section 8(1) (e) [55] VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9(1) (e) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases - veterans
Section 70(5) (d) [55] VEA Member of Peacekeeping Force
Section 70(5A) (d) [55] VEA Member of the Forces
Section 8(5) [55] VEA - War-caused death
Section 9(6) (b) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
According to subsection 5D(1), disease means:
but does not include:
the normal physiological state, or
the accepted ranges of physiological or biochemical measures,
that results from normal physiological stress (for example, the effect of exercise on blood pressure) or the temporary effect of extraneous agents (for example, alcohol on blood cholesterol levels).
According to subsection 68(1) of the VEA, peacekeeping service means service with a Peacekeeping Force outside Australia and includes:
According to subsection 68(1) of the VEA, peacekeeping service means service with a Peacekeeping Force outside Australia and includes:
According to subsection 120(7) of the VEA [8], Hazardous service is service in the Defence Force of a kind determined by the Minister for Defence to be hazardous service.
Hazardous service includes activity that exposes individuals or units to risks above the normal peacetime and training duties such as bomb and mine clearance, aid to civil power or protected evacuations.
According to subsection 68(1) of the VEA, peacekeeping service means service with a Peacekeeping Force outside Australia and includes:
Operational service is generally service performed:
Refer to section 6 of the VEA through to 6F of the VEA for a full explanation of operational service.
Eligible war service is:
Section 7 of the VEA provides a full definition of eligible war service.
It is the policy of the Department of Defence as outlined in Defence Instructions (General) PERS 14-2 25 September 1983 that the active participation by Defence Force personnel in sport is to be encouraged.
As a result most units field teams in local competitions and there are also inter-unit matches and inter-service competitions in a variety of sports. Injuries [3] resulting from such inter-unit or inter-service competitions are usually considered to be defence-caused as they are related to the member's duties. Where it is not possible for the unit to provide sufficient sporting opportunities for its members, the members may participate in civilian sport and be covered for compensation. All such activity needs formal approval from the commanding officer.
Injury during solitary practice with a view to being selected for the Navy's ski team has been accepted by the AAT [3] as being defence-caused.
Sporting injuries during World War 2 would normally be related to the veteran's duty unless the veteran did not render operational service [3] and the injury occurred while they were on leave. Sporting injuries occurring during subsequent periods of operational service would be covered by the 'occurrence' provisions even if they were not related to the veteran's duty.
More ? [63]
For the purposes of compensation, written authorisation by a Commanding Officer (or officers delegated by them for responsibility for sport) is required if a member is to be considered to be participating in a sporting activity in the course of their employment. The distinction between 'permission' and 'authorisation' is that member have:
The policy on injuries occurring during sport has been interpreted by the Department of Defence to mean that in general a member will normally be covered for compensation if the member:
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
Operational service is generally service performed:
Refer to section 6 of the VEA through to 6F of the VEA for a full explanation of operational service.
VEA ? [66]
An injury [3], disease [3] or death may be accepted as defence-caused if it resulted from an accident that occurred while the member was travelling to a place for the purpose of performing duty or from a place upon having ceased to perform duty.
The journey may be a short trip to or from the member's home or living accommodation or may extend over days depending on the purpose of the journey. The journey commences from the time a person leaves the building in which duty is performed or the time a person leaves their residence. This means that accidents in a person's yard may be covered if the person has taken the first steps of the journey. The journey is not completed until its final destination is reached whether this be a few minutes after commencement or many days such as occurs when service personnel drive interstate for leave.
VEA ? [67]
When establishing whether a journey was for the purpose of duty, the factors to be considered are:
Travelling back to barracks accommodation on a Friday night after going out for recreation was not considered to be travelling 'to a place for the purpose of performing duty' in the case of Hopper (AAT [3] 27 January 1988), as the member was not required on duty until the Monday morning.
Delaying the start of a journey until the Saturday morning and then detouring by a route that added three hours to the journey was not considered to have substantially altered the risk in the case of Alcock (AAT [3] 30 June 1992). But staying at Eildon for many hours so that the rest of the journey occurred after dark was considered to have altered the risk.
VEA ? [68]
If the journey is interrupted by a domestic activity and the accident occurs during that activity, the nature of the risk has been altered.
More ? [69]
A member travels to work by car. They started to drive their car down the drive and then noted that he had left the wheelbarrow full of soil partly across the drive. He got out of the car to move the wheelbarrow and injured his back. In a similar case the Tribunal found that the injury was not related to his defence service as he had interrupted his journey to carry out a domestic task.
Section 8(1) (c) [55] VEA - War-caused death
Section 9(1) (c) [55] VEA - War-caused disease or injury - veterans
Section 70(5) [55] VEA Member of a Peacekeeping Force
Section 70(5A) [55] VEA Member of the Forces
Section 8(4) [55] VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9(5) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases - veterans
Section 70(8) [55] VEA Eligibility for pension for Members of Defence Force or Peacekeeping Force
Section 8(4) (c) [55] VEA - War-caused deaths - veterans
Section 9(5) (c) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases - veterans
Section 70(8) (c) [55] VEA Members of Defence Force or Peacekeeping Force
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
According to subsection 5D(1), disease means:
but does not include:
the normal physiological state, or
the accepted ranges of physiological or biochemical measures,
that results from normal physiological stress (for example, the effect of exercise on blood pressure) or the temporary effect of extraneous agents (for example, alcohol on blood cholesterol levels).
Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
In a number of instances, defence personnel are required to live in accommodation provided on the base or in another defence establishment. Injuries [3] occurring in this 'live-in' accommodation may sometimes be accepted as defence-caused depending on the circumstances of the case. Decisions made by the VRB [3] and AAT [3] in respect of injuries occurring in such circumstances vary so it is not possible to follow such decisions in all cases. The issue to be considered is whether the injury is the result of domestic activities or activities related to the person's service.
Members may fall in bathrooms and injure themselves in Defence provided accommodation. This would be regarded as a domestic activity. However, if there was something about the bathroom that was significantly different to a private bathroom or the bathroom was in a poor state of repair, it may be possible to accept the injury as defence-caused under the 'but for' provisions.
More ? [75]
The Federal Court of Australia in the case of Holthouse (24 June 1982) has been referred to in a number of decisions when determining whether or not an injury or disease resulted from activities within the sphere of a member's personal life. In that case, a naval officer was posted to be the Commanding Officer of a naval unit and was required to live in the accommodation provided. The member decided to let their house while living in that accommodation. The member had a large potted plant which they kept under cover but they decided to move it out into the open in case the tenants did not remember to water it. The member injured their back when moving the plant. It was considered that their decision to move the plant was a domestic decision and had nothing to do with their naval service.
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
The Veterans' Review Board is an independent statutory authority that has the power to review decisions made by the Repatriation Commision [3] for the Disability Compensation Payment [3], war widow's/widower's pension [3], orphan's pension [3] and attendant allowance.
Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
During a person's service, medical treatment is provided for all injuries [3] and illnesses at the expense of the Defence Department whether or not such injury or illness is related to service. The treatment that is covered by these provisions is related to conditions that:
In the case of Brown, (AAT [3] 1 August 1989), the Tribunal quoted the former Defence Regulation 435 which stated: 'Any member may be required to undergo such medical treatment as is deemed by a medical officer, and such dental treatment as is deemed by a dental officer, to be necessary to cure, remove, prevent or to reduce the likelihood of any disease or infirmity which in the opinion of the medical officer or the dental officer affects or is likely to affect the efficiency of the member in the performance of their duties, or to endanger the health of any other members'.
Reference was also made to Australian Military Regulation 203(1)(xxxi) in which wilful misconduct or disobeying orders, whether in hospital or otherwise, that results in aggravating the disease or infirmity, or delaying the cure is listed as an offence.
If a member is undergoing necessary treatment and injury [3], disease [3] or death results, this would be defence-caused as the member was required to undergo such treatment. In some circumstances, a member could not be charged for failing to undergo treatment, if it does not affect the member's duty. In such cases, it is a domestic matter and injury, disease or death resulting from treatment is not defence-caused.
A female member becomes pregnant and it is suggested that she have an abortion. As the result of the abortion, she is rendered sterile. Pregnancy is not a disease or an injury so it does not need to be 'cured'. The member's efficiency would have been impaired at times during her pregnancy but it would not have been permanently affected. There is provision for members of the Defence Force to take maternity leave so it is recognised that pregnancies occur. As there are specific laws governing when an abortion can take place and as a number of people have moral objections to abortions being carried out, the member could not have been directed to have an abortion. The effects of the abortion would not be defence-caused.
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
According to subsection 5D(1), disease means:
but does not include:
the normal physiological state, or
the accepted ranges of physiological or biochemical measures,
that results from normal physiological stress (for example, the effect of exercise on blood pressure) or the temporary effect of extraneous agents (for example, alcohol on blood cholesterol levels).
Because of the need to create 'esprit de corps' in the services, it frequently happens that members are expected to attend occasions such as farewells and dining-in nights after the normal hours of duty. Accidents occurring at or on the way home from such occasions have been accepted as defence-caused by the AAT [3] where it is clearly indicated that attendance at the function was a normal part of service life and the members did not increase the risk of being injured. Becoming intoxicated does increase the risk.
A unit held a farewell gathering at the Sergeants Mess for one of the members who was leaving the unit. The main activities ceased about 8.00pm, but some members stayed on to play billiards. They continued to drink alcohol while they were playing. After leaving the Mess at midnight, the member was involved in an accident. The member was under the influence of alcohol. The injury [3] would not be defence-caused as the attendance at the mess ceased to be related to the member's duty at 8.00pm. It was a personal choice of the member to stay on at the mess and the member increased the risk of an injury by staying at the Mess and continuing to drink.
Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
The Commonwealth is not liable in respect of the death, injury [3] or disease [3] where it:
What is regarded as serious or wilful will depend on the circumstances of the case.
Self-inflicted injuries would normally be regarded as resulting from 'wilful acts' and would not be covered. However, if the person suffers from a defence-caused psychiatric disorder (whether formally determined or not) and that person kills or injures himself or is killed as the result of being under the influence of alcohol, the death or injury would be defence-caused as the person is not capable of a 'wilful' act. Skylarking which results in significant injury would probably be considered to be a 'wilful act' but again, this would depend on the circumstances of the case. If such skylarking has taken place previously and the military authorities have made no attempt to end the practice, the fact that injury results on a specific occasion would not be enough to turn it into a 'wilful act'. The test would therefore be its relationship to the person's duties. An unwilling person who is injured by another members participation in a wilful act, would be covered.
Simple cases of being absent without leave for short periods or other infringements of discipline that do not result in significant penalties such as imprisonment or discharge would probably not meet the criterion of 'serious'. However, if the person is absent without leave for more that 21 days, that period is not 'effective full-time service' so anything that happens in that time is not covered by the VEA. Actions resulting in civil charges would normally be classed as 'serious'.
In the cases of Nelson, (AAT [3] 10 May 1988) and Lester, (AAT 22 March 1992), the AAT found that breaches of discipline which resulted in imprisonment were 'serious' and debarred the veterans from benefits under the Act.
In the case of McGrath, (AAT 13 November 1989), the AAT did not consider that taking a jeep without permission on more than one occasion during the week after the Japanese surrender to go and get additional supplies of alcohol was a 'serious default'. This was in view of the lack of discipline that had prevailed in the camp and the amount of alcohol that had been consumed in the camp after receiving the news of the surrender.
However, injuries resulting from the illegal use of vehicles (either military or civilian) in peacetime are not covered as the member's injury would not be causally related to duty.
In a war-time case, the concealing of a physical defect in order that a person could enlist is not considered to be a 'wilful act' in view of the person's desire to serve their country.
Section 8(2) (a) [55] VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9(3) (a) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases - veterans
Section 70(9) [55] VEA Member of Defence Force or Peacekeeping Force
Section 8(3) [55] VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9(4) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases - veterans
Section 70(10) [55] VEA Member of Defence Force or Peacekeeping Force
Section 8(2) (b)(i) [55] VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9(3) (b)(i) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases - veterans
Section 70(9) [55] VEA Member of Defence Force or Peacekeeping Force
Section 8(2) (b)(ii) [55] VEA - War-caused death - veterans
Section 9(3) (b)(ii) [55] VEA - War-caused injuries or diseases - veterans
Section 70(9) [55] VEA Member of Defence Force or Peacekeeping Force
According to subsection 5D(1), an injury means any physical or mental injury (including the recurrence of a physical or mental injury) but does not include:
According to subsection 5D(1), disease means:
but does not include:
the normal physiological state, or
the accepted ranges of physiological or biochemical measures,
that results from normal physiological stress (for example, the effect of exercise on blood pressure) or the temporary effect of extraneous agents (for example, alcohol on blood cholesterol levels).
Administrative Appeals Tribunal.
Claims related to sexual and physical abuse
For policy on claims relating to sexual and physical abuse, see 3.4.7 Claims related to sexual and physical abuse [88].
The policy below addresses the historically widespread use of asbestos-containing components on Royal Australian Navy vessels over a long period.
The policy recognises that although the potential for exposure to asbestos existed aboard these vessels, it can be difficult to establish in individual cases that an exposure occurred. Therefore, in the event that a veteran with service as set out in this policy does develop an asbestos-related disease, the policy acknowledges that such exposure may have occurred and allows claims to be decided quickly, provided the veteran meets the policy requirements.
The Department of Veterans’ Affairs emphasises that this policy should in no way be a cause for undue concern among veterans who served on these ships, and should not be taken to imply a significantly elevated risk of asbestos-related disease among these personnel, or that exposure definitely would have occurred in any individual case.
Claims for Asbestos-Related Conditions: Royal Australian Navy Service 1940-2010
Where any claimant contended exposure to asbestos in the course of service, delegates have previously been required to seek advice confirming the exposure through the Defence Single Access Mechanism (SAM). As part of the subsequent investigation, claimants have been required to complete a questionnaire. The investigative process is often a lengthy one.
The Repatriation and Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Commission has agreed that for those who served on board any of the Royal Australian Navy (RAN) ships listed below between 1 January 1940 and 31 December 2010, it no longer necessary to seek case-by-case confirmation of asbestos exposure as it is known that asbestos was likely to be present on those ships during that period.
In August 2019, the Repatriation Commission further agreed that, for the purpose of the application of Statements of Principles (SoPs) under the Veterans’ Entitlements Act 1986, 75 per cent of an individual’s time served on the listed RAN ships between 1 January 1940 and 31 December 2010 will be taken to have been rendered in an enclosed environment containing respirable asbestos fibres. This is relevant because the SoPs for a number of conditions include a factor relating to being in an enclosed environment containing respirable asbestos fibres for a prescribed amount of time.
Where 75 per cent of time spent on the listed ships within the relevant period is equal to or greater than the cumulative total time spent in an enclosed environment containing respirable asbestos fibres prescribed by a factor in the SoP for a claimed condition, that SoP factor will to be taken to be met. No additional confirmation of exposure to asbestos is required where the claim is for an asbestos-related condition connected to service aboard any of the vessels listed below, where that service was rendered between 1 January 1940 and 31 December 2010 and 75 per cent of the time aboard the vessel meets the relevant enclosed environment SoP factor.
The list of vessels has been provided by the Department of Defence and shows ships on board which members may have been exposed to asbestos during the relevant period. For any claims which relate to service other than on board any of the listed vessels during the relevant period, the previous policy must still be followed, and a request for confirmation should still be sought via Defence SAM. If a client claims service on a RAN ship not in the below list, please check with the Liability and Service Eligibility policy section [89] before raising a SAM request.
It should be noted that while this policy change primarily affects claims by RAN veterans, it applies equally to members of all armed services, i.e. where an Army or Air Force member served aboard a listed ship, there is likewise no need to seek individual confirmation of exposure from Defence.
While this policy removes the need to seek confirmation of asbestos exposure in relation to certain claims, a connection between any claimed condition and asbestos exposure must still be established. All the normal legislative requirements must still be met in relation to establishing a connection to service, including ensuring that all components of the relevant SoP factor are met.
Further, while this policy is intended to assist in the speedy resolution of claims that meet the requirements set out in the policy, it should not be used as a reason to reject claims. Where a claim does not meet the requirements for acceptance under this policy, other possible avenues, such as other relevant SoP factors, and/or other potential asbestos exposures should be investigated in line with existing claims processing guidelines.
The importation and installation of new asbestos components was prohibited after 31 December 2003. It is understood that in practice, the use of asbestos in RAN vessels was becoming more and more limited by this time.
In addition, Navy was directed to remove asbestos from ships by 31 December 2010. Some exposures after this date are known to have occurred, but these are well documented, and a list is provided at the bottom of this page. Where a claim relates to contended exposure to asbestos after 31 December 2010, and relates to service on a ship not included in the list 'Asbestos on RAN Ships 2011 Onwards' provided at the bottom of this page, individual confirmation should be sought from Defence.
Please note that, where a date range ending with ‘present’ is given in the list below, this reflects only the fact that at the time when the list was provided by the Department of Defence, the vessel was still in RAN service. The last relevant date of service for the purposes of this policy remains 31 December 2010.
Further to this, the RAN follows a tradition whereby should a ship be decommissioned its name may be used on subsequent ships. Members tend to refer to the ship without making distinctions as to its commissioning date. So, although a client may have technically served on HMAS Melbourne II or HMAS Melbourne III they would likely consider that they served on the HMAS Melbourne and not make such a distinction clear in their claim. The claimant's date of service will indicate which iteration of the ship they served on.
SHIP | PERIOD IN USE |
---|---|
HMAS Acute | 1969 - 1983 |
HMAS Adelaide I | 1922 - 1946 |
HMAS Adelaide II | 1980 – 2008 |
HMAS Adroit | 1968 - 1994 |
HMAS Advance | 1968 - 1988 |
HMAS Aitape | 1967 - 1975 |
HMAS Anzac I | 1951 - 1974 |
HMAS Anzac II | 1996 - Present |
HMAS Archer | 1968 - 1973 |
HMAS Ardent | 1968 - 1994 |
HMAS Arrow | 1968 - 1974 |
HMAS Arunta I | 1942 – 1968 |
HMAS Arunta II | 1998 – Present |
HMAS Assail | 1968 – 1985 |
HMAS Attack | 1967 - 1985 |
HMAS Aware | 1968 – 1993 |
HMAS Balikpapan | 1974 - 2012 |
MSA Bandicoot | 1991 - 2010 |
HMAS Bandolier | 1968 – 1973 |
HMAS Banks | 1960 – 1995 |
HMAS Barbette | 1968 – 1985 |
HMAS Barcoo | 1944 - 1963 |
HMAS Barricade | 1968 – 1982 |
HMAS Barwon | 1945 – 1962 |
HMAS Bass | 1960 - 1994 |
HMAS Bataan | 1945 - 1958 |
HMAS Bathurst | 1940 – 1948 |
HMAS Bayonet | 1969 – 1988 |
HMAS Benalla I | 1943- 1958 |
HMAS Benalla II | 1990 – Present |
HMAS Bendigo I | 1941 – 1947 |
HMAS Bendigo II | 1983 – 2006 |
MSA Bermagui | 1994 – 2000 |
HMAS Betano | 1974 – 2012 |
HMAS Bingera | 1940 – 1946 |
HMAS Black snake | 1944 - 1945 |
HMAS Bombard | 1968 – 1983 |
HMAS Boonaroo | 1967- 1967 |
HMAS Bowen | 1942 – 1956 |
HMAS Brisbane II | 1967 – 2001 |
MSA Brolga | 1988 – 2002 |
HMAS Broome I | 1942 - 1946 |
HMAS Brunei | 1971 – 2014 |
HMAS Buccaneer | 1969 - 1985 |
HMAS Buna | 1973 - 1974 |
HMAS Bunbury I | 1942 - 1961 |
HMAS Bunbury II | 1984 - 2005 |
HMAS Bundaberg I | 1942 - 1961 |
HMAS Bungaree | 1940 – 1946 |
HMAS Burdekin | 1944 – 1946 |
HMAS Burnie | 1941 – 1946 |
HMAS Cairns | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Canberra II | 1981 - 2005 |
HMAS Cape Leeuwin | 1943 – 1945 |
HMAS Carroo | 1942 – 1946 |
MSA Carole-S | 1993 – 1994 |
HMAS Castlemaine | 1942 – 1945 |
HMAS Cessnock I | 1942 – 1947 |
HMAS Cessnock II | 1983 – 2005 |
HMAS Colac | 1942 – 1983 |
HMAS Collins | 1996 – Present |
HMAS Condamine | 1945 – 1962 |
HMAS Cook | 1980 – 1990 |
HMAS Cootamundra | 1943 – 1962 |
HMAS Cowra | 1943 – 1961 |
HMAS Culgoa | 1945 – 1962 |
HMAS Curlew | 1962 – 1991 |
HMAS Darwin | 1984 – Present |
HMAS Dechaineux | 2001 – Present |
HMAS Deloraine | 1941 – 1956 |
HMAS Derwent | 1964 – 1994 |
HMAS Diamantina I | 1945 – 1981 |
HMAS Diamantina II | 2002 – Present |
HMAS Dubbo I | 1942 – 1958 |
HMAS Dubbo II | 1984 – 2006 |
HMAS Duchess | 1964 – 1977 |
HMAS Echuca | 1942- 1952 |
HMAS Farncomb | 1998 – Present |
HMAS Falie | 1940 – 1946 |
HMAS Flinders | 1973 – 1998 |
HMAS Forceful | 1942 – 1943 |
HMAS Fremantle I | 1943 – 1961 |
HMAS Fremantle II | 1980 – 2006 |
HMAS Gascoyne I | 1946 – 1966 |
HMAS Gascoyne II | 2001 – Present |
HMAS Gawler I | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Gawler II | 1983 – 2006 |
HMAS Gayundah | 1944 – 1981 |
HMAS Geelong I | 1942 – 1944 |
HMAS Geelong II | 1984 – 2006 |
HMAS Geraldton I | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Geraldton II | 1983 – 2006 |
HMAS Gladstone I | 1943 – 1956 |
HMAS Gladstone II | 1984 – 2007 |
HMAS Glenelg I | 1942 – 1957 |
HMAS Goorangai | 1939 – 1940 |
HMAS Goulburn | 1941 – 1947 |
HMAS Gull | 1962 – 1972 |
HMAS Gunbar | 1940 – 1946 |
HMAS Gympie | 1942 – 1961 |
HMAS Hawk I | 1940 – 1945 |
HMAS Hawk II | 1962 – 1976 |
HMAS Hawkesbury I | 1944 – 1955 |
HMAS Hawkesbury II | 2000 – Present |
HMAS HDML 1347 | 1945 – 1946 |
HMAS Heros | 1940 – 1942, 1943 – 1947 |
HMAS Hobart II | 1965- 2000 |
HMAS Horsham | 1942 – 1961 |
HMAS Huon | 1999 – Present |
HMAS Ibis | 1962 – 1984 |
HMAS Inverell | 1942 – 1952 |
HMAS Ipswich I | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Ipswich II | 1982 – 2007 |
HMAS Jeparit | 1969 – 1971 |
HMAS Jervis Bay I | 1977 – 1996 |
HMAS Jervis Bay II | 1999 – 2001 |
HMAS Junee | 1944 – 1958 |
HMAS Kalgoorlie | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Kangaroo | 1940 – 1955 |
HMAS Kanimbla I | 1943 – 1949 |
HMAS Kanimbla II | 1994 – 2011 |
HMAS Kapunda | 1942 – 1961 |
HMAS Kara Kara | 1941 – 1972 |
HMAS Katoomba | 1940 – 1957 |
HMAS Kiama | 1942 – 1952 |
HMAS Kimbla | 1956 – 1985 |
HMAS King bay | 1940 – 1946 |
HMAS Kookaburra | 1939 – 1958 |
HMAS Koopa | 1942 – 1947 |
MSA Koraaga | 1989 – 200 |
HMAS Kuru | 1941 – 1943 |
HMAS Kuttabul | 1940 – 1942 |
HMAS Labuan I | 1946 – 1955 |
HMAS Labuan II | 1973 – 2014 |
HMAS Lachlan | 1945 – 1949 |
HMAS Ladava | 1968 – 1975 |
HMAS Lae I | 1946 - 1955 |
HMAS Lae II | 1968 – 1975 |
HMAS Latrobe | 1942 – 1956 |
HMAS Launceston I | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Launceston II | 1982 – 2006 |
HMAS Leeuwin | 2000 – Present |
HMAS Lismore | 1941 – 1956 |
HMAS Lithgow | 1941 – 1956 |
HMAS LST 3008 | 1946 – 1950 |
HMAS LST 3014 | 1946 – 1950 |
HMAS LST 3022 | 1946 – 1950 |
HMAS Macquarie | 1945 – 1962 |
HMAS Madang | 1968 – 1975 |
HMAS Manoora I | 1939 – 1947 |
HMAS Manoora II | 1994 – 2011 |
HMAS Maroubra | 1942 – 1943 |
HMAS Maryborough I | 1941 - 1947 |
HMAS Matafele | 1943 – 1944 |
HMAS Mavie | 1941 – 1942 |
HMAS Medea | 1942 – 1945 |
HMAS Melbourne II | 1955 – 1982 |
HMAS Melbourne III | 1992 – Present |
HMAS Melville | 2000 – Present |
HMAS Mercedes | 1942 – 1945 |
Merkur | 1942 – 1949 |
HMAS Mermaid | 1989 – Present |
HMAS Mildura | 1941 – 1956 |
HMAS ML 827 | 1943 - 1944 |
HMAS Mombah | 1940 - 1948 |
HMAS Moresby II | 1964 – 1997 |
HMAS Murchison | 1945 – 1962 |
HMAS Nambucca | 1940 – 1943 |
HMAS Napier | 1940 – 1945 |
HMAS Nepal | 1942 – 1945 |
HMAS Nestor | 1941 – 1942 |
HMAS Newcastle | 1994 – Present |
HMAS Nizam | 1941 – 1945 |
HMAS Norman I | 1941 – 1945 |
HMAS Norman II | 2000 – Present |
HMAS Onslow | 1969 – 1999 |
HMAS Orion | 1977 – 1997 |
HMAS Otama | 1978 – 1999 |
HMAS Otway II | 1968 – 1994 |
HMAS Ovens | 1969 – 1995 |
HMAS Oxley II | 1967 – 1992 |
HMAS Paluma II | 1941 – 1945 |
HMAS Paluma III | 1946 – 1973 |
HMAS Paluma IV | 1989 – Present |
HMAS Parkes | 1944 – 1957 |
HMAS Parramatta II | 1940 – 1941 |
HMAS Parramatta III | 1961 – 1991 |
HMAS Patricia Cam | 1942 – 1943 |
HMAS Perth II | 1965 – 1999 |
HMAS Ping Wo | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Pirie | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Polaris | 1942 – 1945 |
HMAS Porpoise | 1973 – 1989 |
HMAS Poyang | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Protector II | 1990 – 1998 |
HMAS Quadrant | 1945-1957 |
HMAS Quality | 1942-1946 |
HMAS Queenborough | 1945-1972 |
HMAS Quiberon | 1942-1964 |
HMAS Quickmatch | 1942-1963 |
HMAS Rankin | 2003 – Present |
ASRV Remora | 1995 – 2006 |
HMAS Reserve | 1943 – 1961 |
HMAS Rockhampton | 1942 – 1961 |
Rona | 1943 – 1946 |
HMAS Rushcutter | 1986 – 2001 |
HMAS Salamaua | 1973 – 1974 |
HMAS Samarai | 1968 – 1975 |
HMAS Samuel Benbow | 1940 – 1946 |
HMAS Seal | 1968 – 1988 |
HMAS Sheean | 2000 – Present |
HMAS Shepparton I | 1943 – 1958 |
HMAS Shepparton II | 1990 – Present |
HMAS Shoalhaven | 1945 - 1962 |
HMAS Shoalwater | 1987 – 2001 |
HMAS Shropshire | 1943 – 1949 |
HMAS Sleuth | 1940 - 1945 |
HMAS Snipe | 1962 – 1983 |
HMAS Stalwart | 1966 – 1989 |
HMAS Stawell | 1943- 1952 |
HMAS Steady Hour | 1941 – 1945 |
HMAS Stella | 1942- 1945 |
HMAS Strahan | 1944 – 1961 |
HMAS Stuart I | 1933 – 1946 |
HMAS Stuart II | 1963 – 1991 |
HMAS Stuart III | 2002 – Present |
HMAS St Giles | 1940 – 1946 |
HMAS Success | 1986 – Present |
HMAS Supply | 1962 – 1985 |
HMAS Swan II | 1937 - 1964 |
HMAS Swan III | 1970 – 1996 |
HMAS Sydney III | 1948 – 1973 |
HMAS Sydney IV | 1983 – 2015 |
TRV Tailor | 1971 – 1988 |
DT Tammar | 1984 – 1998 |
HMAS Tamworth | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Tarakan I | 1946 – 1954 |
HMAS Tarakan II | 1973 – 2014 |
HMAS Teal | 1962 – 1979 |
HMAS Terka | 1940 – 1945 |
Telopea crane stores lighter | 1972 – 1997 |
HMAS Terka | 1940 – 1945 |
HMAS Tobruk I | 1950 - 1972 |
HMAS Tobruk II | 1981 – 2015 |
HMAS Toowoomba I | 1941 – 1946 |
HMAS Torrens II | 1971 – 1998 |
HMAS Townsville I | 1941 – 1956 |
HMAS Townsville II | 1981 – 2007 |
TRV Trevally | 1970 – 1988 |
TRV Tuna | 1970 – 1988 |
HMAS Uralba | 1942 – 1945 |
HMAS Vampire I | 1933 – 1942 |
HMAS Vampire II | 1959 – 1985 |
HMAS Vendetta I | 1933 – 1945 |
HMAS Vendetta II | 1958 – 1979 |
HMAS Vengeance | 1952 – 1955 |
HMAS Vigilant | 1940 – 1945 |
HMAS Voyager I | 1933 – 1942 |
HMAS Voyager II | 1957 – 1964 |
HMAS Wagga | 1942 – 1962 |
Wallaby | 1983 – 1997 |
HMAS Wallaroo | 1942 – 1943 |
MSA Wallaroo | 1991 - 2010 |
HMAS Waree | 1942 – 1946 |
HMAS Waller | 2001 – Present |
HMAS Warramunga I | 1942 – 1963 |
HMAS Warramunga | 2001 – Present |
HMAS Warrego II | 1940 – 1963 |
Warrigal | 1984 – 1997 |
HMAS Warrnambool | 1941 – 1947 |
HMAS Warrnambool | 1981 – 2005 |
HMAS Wato | 1941 – 1945 |
Wattle | 1972 – 1997 |
HMAS Waterhen | 1933 – 1941 |
HMAS Westralia I | 1939 – 1949 |
HMAS Westralia II | 1989 – 2006 |
HMAS Wewak | 1973 – 2012 |
HMAS Whang Pu | 1944 – 1946 |
HMAS Whyalla I | 1942 – 1947 |
HMAS Whyalla II | 1982 – 2005 |
HMAS Wollongong I | 1941 – 1946 |
HMAS Wollongong II | 1981 – 2005 |
Wombat | 1983 – 1997 |
HMAS Wongala | 1939 – 1944 |
HMAS Woomera | 1946 – 1960 |
HMAS Wyatt Earp | 1947 – 1951 |
Wyulda | 1984 – 1997 |
HMAS Yandra | 1940 – 1946 |
HMAS Yarra II | 1961 – 1985 |
HMAS Yarra III | 1961 – 1985 |
HMAS Yarra IV | 2003 – Present |
STS Young Endeavour | 1988 - Present |
HMAS Yunnam | 1944- 1946 |
Asbestos on RAN Ships 2011 Onwards
Although Navy was directed by Defence Minister to eradicate Asbestos by 31 December 2010, the following is a list of OHSIR (Occupational Health Safety Incident Report) has been raised by ships stating potential asbestos exposure. These occurrences should have had either an AC563 or Sentinel report to accompany the exposure to personnel.
• 2011 HMAS Newcastle
• 2011 HMAS Darwin
• 2011 HMAS Stuart
• 2012 HMAS Sydney
• 2012 HMAS Tobruk
• 2012 HMAS Tobruk
• 2012 HMAS Success
• 2012 HMAS Paluma
• 2014 HMAS Sydney
• 2015 HMAS Success
• 2016 HMAS Perth
• 2016 HMAS Melbourne
Links
[1] https://clik.dva.gov.au/user/login?destination=node/15959%23comment-form
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[4] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-1-service-requirements/12-service-types
[5] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/41-disability-compensation-payment-eligibility
[6] clik://LEGIS/VEA/section 70
[7] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn71
[8] http://clik.dva.gov.au/legislation-library
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[10] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn72
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[12] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn74
[13] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn75
[14] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn76
[15] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn77
[16] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn78
[17] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn79
[18] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/44-causal-connection-injury-or-disease-service/442-relationship-injury-or-disease-service
[19] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn72
[20] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/44-causal-connection-injury-or-disease-service/443-service-contributed-or-aggravated-pre-existing-injury-or-disease
[21] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn73
[22] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/44-causal-connection-injury-or-disease-service/444-sporting-injuries
[23] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn74
[24] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/44-causal-connection-injury-or-disease-service/445-travelling-and-duty
[25] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn75
[26] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/44-causal-connection-injury-or-disease-service/446-injuries-occurring-during-domestic-activities-or-live-accommodation
[27] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn76
[28] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/44-causal-connection-injury-or-disease-service/447-injuries-resulting-medical-treatment
[29] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn77
[30] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/44-causal-connection-injury-or-disease-service/448-attendance-social-occasions
[31] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn78
[32] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-4-disability-compensation-eligibility/44-causal-connection-injury-or-disease-service/449-serious-default-wilful-act-breach-discipline
[33] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn79
[34] https://clik.dva.gov.au/user/login?destination=node/15961%23comment-form
[35] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn80
[36] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn81
[37] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn82
[38] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn83
[39] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn80
[40] https://clik.dva.gov.au/compensation-and-support-policy-library/part-1-service-requirements/12-service-types/123-requirement-continuous-full-time-service
[41] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn81
[42] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn82
[43] clik://LEGIS/VEA/section 8(1)
[44] clik://LEGIS/VEA/section 9(2)
[45] clik://LEGIS/VEA/section 70(6)
[46] clik://LEGIS/VEA/section 70(7)
[47] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn83
[48] https://clik.dva.gov.au/user/login?destination=node/15954%23comment-form
[49] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn84
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[51] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn86
[52] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn87
[53] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn88
[54] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn89
[55] https://clik.dva.gov.au/service-eligibility-assistant-updates/all-determinations-order-date-signed-oldest-most-recent/determinations-under-vea
[56] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn84
[57] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn85
[58] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn86
[59] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn87
[60] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn88
[61] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn89
[62] https://clik.dva.gov.au/user/login?destination=node/15957%23comment-form
[63] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn90
[64] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn90
[65] https://clik.dva.gov.au/user/login?destination=node/15971%23comment-form
[66] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn91
[67] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn92
[68] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn93
[69] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn94
[70] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn91
[71] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn92
[72] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn93
[73] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn94
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[75] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn95
[76] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn95
[77] https://clik.dva.gov.au/user/login?destination=node/15972%23comment-form
[78] https://clik.dva.gov.au/user/login?destination=node/15960%23comment-form
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[80] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn96
[81] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn97
[82] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn98
[83] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#tgt-cspol_part4_ftn99
[84] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn96
[85] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn97
[86] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn98
[87] https://clik.dva.gov.au/book/export/html/15959#ref-cspol_part4_ftn99
[88] https://clik.dva.gov.au/military-compensation-mrca-manuals-and-resources-library/policy-manual/ch-3-liability/34-investigating-claim/347-claims-related-sexual-and-physical-abuse
[89] mailto:L.and.SE.Policy@dva.gov.au